(C) Zeriph Enterprises, LLC
basic_thread.cpp
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/*
* This file is part of the Omni C++ framework
*
* Copyright (c) 2016, Zeriph Enterprises, LLC
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
*
* - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* - Neither the name of Zeriph, Zeriph Enterprises, LLC, nor the names
* of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
* derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ZERIPH AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY
* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
* WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
* DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL ZERIPH AND CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
* DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
* (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
* ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
 #include <omni/sync/basic_thread.hpp>
#if !defined(OMNI_OS_WIN)
    // need the following for POSIX thread set prio/join
    #include <unistd.h>
    #include <sched.h>
    #include <ctime>
    #include <cstring>
#endif
#include <omni/chrono/tick.hpp>
#include <omni/consts/cconsts.hpp>

#if defined(OMNI_NON_PORTABLE)
    #define OMNI_TPRIO_FW    m_priority(omni::sync::thread_priority::NORMAL),
    #define OMNI_TPRIO_CP_FW m_priority(cp.m_priority),
#else
    #define OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    #define OMNI_TPRIO_CP_FW
#endif
#if defined(OMNI_SAFE_BASIC_THREAD)
    #define OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW     m_mtx(),
    #define OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW this->m_mtx.lock();
    #define OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW this->m_mtx.unlock();
    #define OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW omni::sync::scoped_lock<omni::sync::basic_lock> smal(&this->m_mtx);
#else
    #define OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    #define OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW
    #define OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
    #define OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
#endif

///////// static thread methods /////////

void omni::sync::basic_thread::manager::push_back(omni::sync::thread_t tid, omni::sync::basic_thread& bthread)
{
    this->m_lock.lock();
    this->m_threads[tid] = &bthread;
    this->m_lock.unlock();
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::manager::pop_back(omni::sync::thread_t tid)
{
    this->m_lock.lock();
    omni::sync::basic_thread::manager::thread_map::iterator itr = this->m_threads.find(tid);
    if (itr != this->m_threads.end()) {
        itr->second->_state_machine(tid);
    }
    this->m_lock.unlock();
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::manager::remove(omni::sync::thread_t tid)
{
    this->m_lock.lock();
    omni::sync::basic_thread::manager::thread_map::iterator it = this->m_threads.find(tid);
    if (it != this->m_threads.end()) {
        this->m_threads.erase(it);
    }
    this->m_lock.unlock();
}

OMNI_THREAD_FNPTR_T OMNI_THREAD_CALL_T omni::sync::basic_thread::_start(void* param)
{
    // basic_thread's are not 'managed', we only set the state to running and then leave it.
    /* note: we don't call t->any_function() since that could potentially introduce a deadlock.
    If the thread gets this far, then the thread::start() function has already called scoped_lock
    and it's safe to use t->m_ values (since no other threads can operate on the values) */
     omni::sync::basic_thread *t = static_cast<omni::sync::basic_thread*>(param);
    if ((t->m_mthd != OMNI_NULL) || (t->m_pmthd != OMNI_NULL)) {
        omni::sync::thread_t tid = omni::sync::thread_id();
        @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start* pstartfn = OMNI_NULL;
        omni::sync::thread_start* startfn = OMNI_NULL;
        omni::sync::basic_thread::manager::instance().push_back(tid, *t);
        if (t->m_pmthd != OMNI_NULL) {
            pstartfn = new @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start(*(t->m_pmthd));
        } else if (t->m_mthd != OMNI_NULL) {
            startfn = new omni::sync::thread_start(*(t->m_mthd));
        }
        #if !defined(OMNI_OS_WIN)
            /*
                we don't check for any errors here as it's not a good idea to ever 'kill' a thread.
                setting to async cancel type sets the cross platform compatibility as TerminateThread
                is 'async' in nature.
                
                !!!! NOTE !!!!
                
                remember, it's a better idea to use 'abort' and the 'state_changed' handler to end
                your threads nicely (avoid resource leaks)
            */
             ::pthread_setcanceltype(PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, NULL);
        #endif
        #if defined(OMNI_NON_PORTABLE)
            if (t->m_priority != omni::sync::thread_priority::NORMAL) {
                OMNI_D4_FW("setting thread priority");
                t->_set_prio();
            }
        #endif
        t->m_state = omni::sync::thread_state::RUNNING;
        if (pstartfn != OMNI_NULL) {
            OMNI_THREAD_TRY_FW
            omni::generic_ptr args(t->m_args);
            t->m_switch->signal();
            pstartfn->invoke(args);
            OMNI_THREAD_CATCHEX_FW(delete pstartfn;)
        } else if (startfn != OMNI_NULL) {
            OMNI_THREAD_TRY_FW
            t->m_switch->signal();
            startfn->invoke();
            OMNI_THREAD_CATCHEX_FW(delete startfn;)
        }
        pstartfn = OMNI_NULL; startfn = OMNI_NULL;
        omni::sync::basic_thread::manager::instance().pop_back(tid);
    } else {
        // shouldn't happen since this should be caught in the calling thread::start
        OMNI_DBGE(OMNI_INVALID_DELEGATE_FUNC_STR)
        OMNI_THROW_FW(omni::invalid_delegate())        
        // if nothrow then act as 'killed'
        t->m_state = omni::sync::thread_state::STOPPED;
        t->m_switch->signal();
    }
    t = OMNI_NULL;
    return 0;
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread() :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(),
    m_pmthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_mthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_D5_FW("thread created");
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const omni::sync::basic_thread &cp) :
    OMNI_CPCTOR_FW(cp)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(cp.m_args),
    m_pmthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_mthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_switch(cp.m_switch),
    m_tid(cp.m_tid),
    m_thread(cp.m_thread),
    m_ops(cp.m_ops),
    m_state(cp.m_state),
    OMNI_TPRIO_CP_FW
    m_isjoined(cp.m_isjoined)
{
    if (cp.m_mthd != OMNI_NULL) {
        this->m_mthd = new omni::sync::thread_start(*cp.m_mthd);
    } else if (cp.m_pmthd != OMNI_NULL) {
        this->m_pmthd = new @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start(*cp.m_pmthd);
    }
    OMNI_D5_FW("thread copied");
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const omni::sync::thread_flags &ops) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(),
    m_pmthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_mthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(ops),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    //this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_D5_FW("thread const copied");
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(std::size_t max_stack_sz) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(),
    m_pmthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_mthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(max_stack_sz),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_DV5_FW("thread created with stack size of ", this->m_ops.stack_size());
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const omni::sync::thread_t &tid, const omni::sync::thread_handle_t &h) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(),
    m_pmthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_mthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(tid),
    m_thread(h),
    m_ops(),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::RUNNING), // current thread is running, otherwise .. zombie :)
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    #if defined(OMNI_NON_PORTABLE)
        int p = 0; // omni::sync::thread_priority::NORMAL
        #if defined(OMNI_OS_WIN)
            p = ::GetThreadPriority(OMNI_WIN_TOHNDL_FW(this->m_thread));
        #else
            int sched = 0;
            struct sched_param param;
            std::memset(&param, 0, sizeof(sched_param));
            if (::pthread_getschedparam(this->m_thread, &sched, &param) == 0) {
                // only set priority if the function succeeds
                // Don't throw error if we can't get priority, just assume 0
                p = param.sched_priority;
                int min = ::sched_get_priority_min(sched);
                int max = ::sched_get_priority_max(sched);
                int skip = (max - min) / omni::sync::thread_priority::COUNT;
                int rmin = 0, rmax = 0;
                for (int i = omni::sync::thread_priority::IDLE; i <= omni::sync::thread_priority::REAL_TIME; i++) {
                    // 'normalize' the priority value for this->m_prio
                    rmin = min + ((i+2) * (skip+1));
                    rmax = rmin + skip;
                    if (rmax > max) { rmax = max; }
                    if (p <= rmax && p >= rmin) { p = i; break; }
                    if (i == omni::sync::thread_priority::IDLE) { i = (omni::sync::thread_priority::LOWEST + 12); }
                    if (i == omni::sync::thread_priority::HIGHEST) { i = (omni::sync::thread_priority::HIGHEST + 12); }
                }
            }
        #endif
        if (p < omni::sync::thread_priority::LOWEST) { p = omni::sync::thread_priority::IDLE; }
        if (p > omni::sync::thread_priority::HIGHEST) { p = omni::sync::thread_priority::REAL_TIME; }
        this->m_priority = static_cast<omni::sync::thread_priority_t>(p);
    #endif // OMNI_NON_PORTABLE
    //this->m_ops default (0'd) constructor
    // Get the current thread stack size
    #if defined(OMNI_OS_WIN)
        MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION mbi;
        ::VirtualQuery(&mbi, &mbi, sizeof(mbi));
        ::VirtualQuery(mbi.AllocationBase, &mbi, sizeof(mbi));
        ::VirtualQuery((static_cast<char*>(mbi.BaseAddress)) + mbi.RegionSize, &mbi, sizeof(mbi));
        ::VirtualQuery((static_cast<char*>(mbi.BaseAddress)) + mbi.RegionSize, &mbi, sizeof(mbi));
        this->m_ops.set_stack_size(mbi.RegionSize);
    #else
        // if we can't get stack size, don't abort, just continue
        pthread_attr_t attr;
        if (::pthread_attr_init(&attr) == 0) {
            std::size_t stack = 0;
            ::pthread_attr_getstacksize(&attr, &stack);
            // Destroy the attributes handle
            ::pthread_attr_init.html">pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
            this->m_ops.set_stack_size(stack);
        }
    #endif
    /*there's no reliable (or necessarily easy) way to get the 'calling method' of the current
    thread; in other words, at the moment it is not feasible to 'cross-platform' get the
    current thread's calling function address and assign it to this->m_mthd.*/
     OMNI_DV5_FW("thread created with stack size of ", this->m_ops.stack_size());
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const omni::sync::thread_start &mthd) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(),
    m_pmthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_mthd(new omni::sync::thread_start(mthd)),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_D5_FW("thread created with delegate method, starting");
    // default start-type of 'now'
    this->start();
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const omni::sync::thread_start& mthd, omni::sync::thread_start_type_t st) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(),
    m_pmthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_mthd(new omni::sync::thread_start(mthd)),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_D5_FW("thread created with delegate method");
    if (st == omni::sync::thread_start_type::NOW) {
        this->start();
    }
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const omni::sync::thread_start &mthd, std::size_t max_stack_sz) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(),
    m_pmthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_mthd(new omni::sync::thread_start(mthd)),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(max_stack_sz),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_DV5_FW("thread created with stack size of ", this->m_ops.stack_size());
    // default start-type of 'now'
    this->start();
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const omni::sync::thread_start &mthd, std::size_t max_stack_sz, omni::sync::thread_start_type_t st) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(),
    m_pmthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_mthd(new omni::sync::thread_start(mthd)),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(max_stack_sz),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_DV5_FW("thread created with stack size of ", this->m_ops.stack_size());
    if (st == omni::sync::thread_start_type::NOW) {
        this->start();
    }
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const omni::sync::thread_start& mthd, omni::sync::thread_option_t op, omni::sync::thread_union_t val) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(),
    m_pmthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_mthd(new omni::sync::thread_start(mthd)),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_D5_FW("thread created with specific options");
    this->set_option(op, val);
    // default start-type of 'now'
    this->start();
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start &mthd) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(),
    m_pmthd(new @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start(mthd)),
    m_mthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_D5_FW("thread created with parameterized delegate method, starting");
    // default start-type of 'now'
    this->start(omni::generic_ptr::null());
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start& mthd, omni::generic_ptr args) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(args),
    m_pmthd(new @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start(mthd)),
    m_mthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_D5_FW("thread created with parameterized delegate method and args, starting");
    // default start-type of 'now'
    this->start(this->m_args);
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start& mthd, std::size_t max_stack_sz, omni::generic_ptr args) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(args),
    m_pmthd(new @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start(mthd)),
    m_mthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(max_stack_sz),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_D5_FW("thread created with parameterized delegate method, starting");
    // default start-type of 'now'
    this->start(this->m_args);
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start& mthd, omni::generic_ptr args, omni::sync::thread_option_t op, omni::sync::thread_union_t val) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(args),
    m_pmthd(new @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start(mthd)),
    m_mthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_D5_FW("thread created with parameterized delegate method, starting");
    this->set_option(op, val);
    // default start-type of 'now'
    this->start(this->m_args);
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start& mthd, omni::sync::thread_start_type_t st) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(),
    m_pmthd(new @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start(mthd)),
    m_mthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_D5_FW("thread created with parameterized delegate method");
    if (st == omni::sync::thread_start_type::NOW) {
        this->start(omni::generic_ptr::null());
    }
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start& mthd, omni::sync::thread_start_type_t st, omni::generic_ptr args) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(args),
    m_pmthd(new @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start(mthd)),
    m_mthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_D5_FW("thread created with parameterized delegate method");
    if (st == omni::sync::thread_start_type::NOW) {
        this->start(this->m_args);
    }
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start &mthd, std::size_t max_stack_sz) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(),
    m_pmthd(new @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start(mthd)),
    m_mthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(max_stack_sz),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_DV5_FW("thread created with stack size of ", this->m_ops.stack_size());
    this->start(omni::generic_ptr());
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start &mthd, std::size_t max_stack_sz, omni::sync::thread_start_type_t st) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(),
    m_pmthd(new @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start(mthd)),
    m_mthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(max_stack_sz),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_DV5_FW("thread created with stack size of ", this->m_ops.stack_size());
    if (st == omni::sync::thread_start_type::NOW) {
        this->start(omni::generic_ptr::null());
    }
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start &mthd, std::size_t max_stack_sz, omni::sync::thread_start_type_t st, omni::generic_ptr args) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(args),
    m_pmthd(new @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start(mthd)),
    m_mthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(max_stack_sz),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_DV5_FW("thread created with stack size of ", this->m_ops.stack_size());
    if (st == omni::sync::thread_start_type::NOW) {
        this->start(this->m_args);
    }
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::basic_thread(const @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start& mthd, omni::sync::thread_option_t op, omni::sync::thread_union_t val) :
    OMNI_CTOR_FW(omni::sync::basic_thread)
    OMNI_SAFE_TMTX_FW
    m_args(),
    m_pmthd(new @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start(mthd)),
    m_mthd(OMNI_NULL),
    m_switch(OMNI_NULL),
    m_tid(0),
    m_thread(0),
    m_ops(),
    m_state(omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED),
    OMNI_TPRIO_FW
    m_isjoined(false)
{
    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, true);
    OMNI_D5_FW("thread created with specific options");
    this->set_option(op, val);
    // default start-type of 'now'
    this->start(omni::generic_ptr::null());
}

omni::sync::basic_thread::~basic_thread()
{
    OMNI_TRY_FW
    OMNI_DTOR_FW
    OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW
    bool do_detach = true;
    if (this->_hvalid() && this->_state_running()) {
        if (this->m_ops.detach_on_destroy()) {
            this->_hreset(true, false); // detach
            do_detach = false;
        } else {
            if (this->m_ops.auto_join()) {
                OMNI_D5_FW("auto join");
                std::size_t to = this->m_ops.auto_join_timeout();
                if (to > 0) {
                    bool kod = this->m_ops.kill_on_destroy();
                    OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
                    this->join(to);
                    if (kod) { this->kill(); }
                    OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW
                } else {
                    OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
                    this->join();
                    OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW
                }
            } else {
                if (this->m_ops.kill_on_destroy()) {
                    OMNI_D5_FW("killing");
                    OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
                    this->kill();
                    OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW
                }
            }
        }
    }
    if (do_detach) { this->_hreset(true, false); }
    this->_chkmthd();
    OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
    OMNI_CATCH_FW
    OMNI_D5_FW("destroyed");
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::bind(const @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start& mthd)
{
    this->detach();
    this->unbind();
    OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW
    this->m_pmthd = new @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start(mthd);
    OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::bind(const omni::sync::thread_start& mthd)
{
    this->detach();
    this->unbind();
    OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW
    this->m_mthd = new omni::sync::thread_start(mthd);
    OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::detach()
{
    this->detach(false);
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::detach(bool allow_rejoin)
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    this->_hreset(true, allow_rejoin);
}

const omni::sync::thread_union_t omni::sync::basic_thread::get_option(omni::sync::thread_option_t op) const
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    switch (op) {
        case omni::sync::thread_option::ALLOW_THREAD_REUSE:
            return this->m_ops.allow_reuse();
        case omni::sync::thread_option::AUTO_JOIN:
            return this->m_ops.auto_join();
        case omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY:
            return this->m_ops.detach_on_destroy();
        case omni::sync::thread_option::ABORT_ON_DESTROY:
            return this->m_ops.abort_on_destroy();
        case omni::sync::thread_option::KILL_ON_DESTROY:
            return this->m_ops.kill_on_destroy();
        case omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_ASSIGN:
            return this->m_ops.detach_on_assign();
        case omni::sync::thread_option::ABORT_ON_ASSIGN:
            return this->m_ops.abort_on_assign();
        case omni::sync::thread_option::KILL_ON_ASSIGN:
            return this->m_ops.kill_on_assign();
        case omni::sync::thread_option::STACK_SIZE:
            return this->m_ops.stack_size();
        case omni::sync::thread_option::AUTO_JOIN_TIMEOUT:
            return this->m_ops.auto_join_timeout();
        default: // invalid_option
            OMNI_ERRV_FW("invalid option: ", op, omni::invalid_thread_option(static_cast<std::size_t>(op)))
            break;
    }
    return false;
}

omni::sync::thread_flags omni::sync::basic_thread::options() const
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    return this->m_ops;
}

const omni::sync::thread_handle_t omni::sync::basic_thread::handle() const
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    return this->m_thread;
}

const omni::sync::thread_t omni::sync::basic_thread::id() const
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    return this->m_tid;
}

bool omni::sync::basic_thread::is_alive() const
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    /*
    DEV_NOTE: we don't use pthread_kill or GetExitCodeThread
    since those might give 'erroneous' results for these purposes.
    That is to say, using JUST those API's will not guarantee
    that our underlying thread is 'actually' running.
    
    omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED = 0,
    // Defines a thread has completed its function (method complete)
    omni::sync::thread_state::COMPLETED = 4,
    // Defines a thread is stopped (killed)
    omni::sync::thread_state::STOPPED = 16,
    // Defines a thread has been aborted
    omni::sync::thread_state::ABORTED = 64,
    // Defines a thread is attempting to spawn
    omni::sync::thread_state::START_REQUESTED = 1,
    
    // Defines a thread is running (method has been called)
    omni::sync::thread_state::RUNNING = 2,
    // Defines a thread has a stop request (kill request)
    omni::sync::thread_state::STOP_REQUESTED = 8,
    // Defines a thread has an abort request
    omni::sync::thread_state::ABORT_REQUESTED = 32,
    // Defines a thread has a state that can not be determined (when creating threads from handles for instance)
    omni::sync::thread_state::UNKNOWN = 255
    */
     return this->_hvalid() && this->_state_running();
}

bool omni::sync::basic_thread::is_bound() const
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    if (this->m_mthd != OMNI_NULL) {
        return this->m_mthd->valid();
    } else if (this->m_pmthd != OMNI_NULL) {
        return this->m_pmthd->valid();
    }
    return false;
}

bool omni::sync::basic_thread::is_parameter_bound() const
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    if (this->m_pmthd != OMNI_NULL) {
        return this->m_pmthd->valid();
    }
    return false;
}

bool omni::sync::basic_thread::is_detached() const
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    return (this->m_state == omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED &&
            this->m_tid == 0 &&
            this->m_thread == 0);
}

bool omni::sync::basic_thread::join()
{
    // Unknown states can still be joined
    if (!this->is_alive()) {
        OMNI_D2_FW("thread is not running");
        return true;
    }
    OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW
    if (!this->_hvalid()) {
        OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
        OMNI_ERR_RETV_FW(OMNI_INVALID_THREAD_HANDLE_STR, omni::invalid_thread_handle(), false)
    }
    omni::sync::thread_handle_t hndl = this->m_thread;
    #if defined(OMNI_OS_WIN)
        this->m_isjoined = true;
        OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
        int ret = ::WaitForSingleObject(OMNI_WIN_TOHNDL_FW(hndl), INFINITE);
        #if defined(OMNI_DBG_L1)
            if (ret != 0) { OMNI_DBGEV("error while waiting for thread handle: ", OMNI_GLE_PRNT) }
        #endif
        return (ret == 0); // Returns 0 on success
    #else
        this->m_isjoined = true;
        OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
        int ret = ::pthread_join(hndl, NULL);
        #if defined(OMNI_DBG_L1)
            if (ret != 0) { OMNI_DBGEV("error while waiting for thread handle: ", OMNI_GLE_PRNT) }
        #endif
        return (ret == 0); // Returns 0 on success
    #endif
}

bool omni::sync::basic_thread::join(unsigned long timeout)
{
    if (timeout == omni::sync::INFINITE_TIMEOUT) { return this->join(); }
    // Unknown states can still be joined
    if (!this->is_alive()) {
        OMNI_D2_FW("thread is not running");
        return true;
    }
    OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW
    if (!this->_hvalid()) {
        OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
        OMNI_ERR_RETV_FW(OMNI_INVALID_THREAD_HANDLE_STR, omni::invalid_thread_handle(), false)
    }
    omni::sync::thread_handle_t hndl = this->m_thread;
    #if defined(OMNI_OS_WIN)
        this->m_isjoined = true;
        OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
        int ret = ::WaitForSingleObject(OMNI_WIN_TOHNDL_FW(hndl), timeout);
        #if defined(OMNI_DBG_L1)
            if (ret != 0) { OMNI_DBGEV("error while waiting for thread handle: ", OMNI_GLE_PRNT) }
        #endif
        return (ret == 0); // Returns 0 on success
    #else
        // There is not a portable mechanism with pthreads to wait on a specific thread without
        // implementing a timed_wait condition variable. We don't want the user to have to implement
        // a separate variable based on system, so we implement a 'timeout' loop
        OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
        omni::chrono::tick_t ts = omni::chrono::monotonic_tick();
        OMNI_SLEEP_INIT();
        volatile bool iav = true;
        // iav = (::pthread_kill(hndl, 0) != ESRCH); // == "alive"
        while ((iav = (::pthread_kill(hndl, 0) != ESRCH)) && (omni::chrono::elapsed_ms(ts) < timeout)) {
            OMNI_SLEEP1();
        }
        return (::pthread_kill(hndl, 0) == ESRCH); // == dead
    #endif
}

bool omni::sync::basic_thread::kill()
{
    if (!this->is_alive()) {
        // thread's already 'dead', no need to 'kill'
        OMNI_D2_FW("thread is not running");
        return true;
    }
    OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW
    if (!this->_hvalid()) {
        OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
        OMNI_ERR_RETV_FW(OMNI_INVALID_THREAD_HANDLE_STR, omni::invalid_thread_handle(), false)
    }
    int perr = 0;
    omni::sync::thread_handle_t hndl = this->m_thread;
    this->m_state = omni::sync::thread_state::STOP_REQUESTED;
    OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
    // attempt to kill it
    #if defined(OMNI_OS_WIN)
        if (::TerminateThread(OMNI_WIN_TOHNDL_FW(hndl), 0) == 0) {
            perr = OMNI_GLE;
        }
    #else
        perr = ::pthread_cancel(hndl);
    #endif
    if (perr == 0) {
        this->m_state = omni::sync::thread_state::STOPPED;
        this->_hreset(false, false);
        return true;
    }
    OMNI_DV1_FW("thread termination error code: ", perr);
    // Something unknown happened...
    OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW
    this->m_state = omni::sync::thread_state::UNKNOWN;
    OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
    return false;
}

omni::sync::thread_state_t omni::sync::basic_thread::status() const
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    return this->m_state;
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::set_option(omni::sync::thread_option_t op, omni::sync::thread_union_t val)
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    switch (op) {
        case omni::sync::thread_option::STACK_SIZE:
            this->m_ops.set_stack_size(val.s_val);
            break;
        case omni::sync::thread_option::AUTO_JOIN_TIMEOUT:
            {
                if (val.s_val > 0) {
                    // if timeout > 0 then auto join should be true
                    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::AUTO_JOIN, true);
                    // auto-join over-rides detach (since detach is default)
                    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, false);
                }
                this->m_ops.set_auto_join_timeout(val.s_val);
            } break;
        case omni::sync::thread_option::ALLOW_THREAD_REUSE:
            this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::ALLOW_THREAD_REUSE, val.b_val);
            break;
        case omni::sync::thread_option::AUTO_JOIN:
            {
                if (val.b_val) {
                    // auto-join over-rides detach
                    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, false);
                }
                this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::AUTO_JOIN, val.b_val);
            } break;
        case omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY:
            {
                if (val.b_val) {
                    // if the user sets detach, then auto-join should be false
                    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::AUTO_JOIN, false);
                }
                this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, val.b_val);
            } break;
        case omni::sync::thread_option::ABORT_ON_DESTROY: // no effect on basic thread
            this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::ABORT_ON_DESTROY, val.b_val);
            break;
        case omni::sync::thread_option::KILL_ON_DESTROY:
            {
                if (val.b_val) {
                    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, false);
                }
                this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::KILL_ON_DESTROY, val.b_val);
            } break;
        case omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_ASSIGN:
            this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_ASSIGN, val.b_val);
            break;
        case omni::sync::thread_option::ABORT_ON_ASSIGN: // no effect on basic thread
            this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::ABORT_ON_ASSIGN, val.b_val);
            break;
        case omni::sync::thread_option::KILL_ON_ASSIGN:
            {
                if (val.b_val) {
                    this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_ASSIGN, false);
                }
                this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::KILL_ON_ASSIGN, val.b_val);
            } break;
        default:
            OMNI_ERRV_FW("invalid option: ", op, omni::invalid_thread_option(static_cast<std::size_t>(op)))
            break;
    }
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::set_options(unsigned char op, bool val)
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    bool valid_op = false;
    if (OMNI_VAL_HAS_FLAG_BIT(op, omni::sync::thread_option::ALLOW_THREAD_REUSE)) {
        this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::ALLOW_THREAD_REUSE, val);
        valid_op = true;
    }
    if (OMNI_VAL_HAS_FLAG_BIT(op, omni::sync::thread_option::AUTO_JOIN)) {
        this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::AUTO_JOIN, val);
        valid_op = true;
    }
    if (OMNI_VAL_HAS_FLAG_BIT(op, omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY)) {
        this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_DESTROY, val);
        valid_op = true;
    }
    if (OMNI_VAL_HAS_FLAG_BIT(op, omni::sync::thread_option::ABORT_ON_DESTROY)) {
        this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::ABORT_ON_DESTROY, val);
        valid_op = true;
    }
    if (OMNI_VAL_HAS_FLAG_BIT(op, omni::sync::thread_option::KILL_ON_DESTROY)) {
        this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::KILL_ON_DESTROY, val);
        valid_op = true;
    }
    if (OMNI_VAL_HAS_FLAG_BIT(op, omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_ASSIGN)) {
        this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::DETACH_ON_ASSIGN, val);
        valid_op = true;
    }
    if (OMNI_VAL_HAS_FLAG_BIT(op, omni::sync::thread_option::ABORT_ON_ASSIGN)) {
        this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::ABORT_ON_ASSIGN, val);
        valid_op = true;
    }
    if (OMNI_VAL_HAS_FLAG_BIT(op, omni::sync::thread_option::KILL_ON_ASSIGN)) {
        this->m_ops.set_flag(omni::sync::thread_option::KILL_ON_ASSIGN, val);
        valid_op = true;
    }
    if (!valid_op) {
        OMNI_ERRV_FW("invalid option: ", op, omni::invalid_thread_option(static_cast<std::size_t>(op)))
    }
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::set_options(const omni::sync::thread_flags& ops)
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    this->m_ops = ops;
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::start()
{
    this->start(omni::generic_ptr::null());
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::start(omni::generic_ptr args)
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    if (this->m_state != omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED) {
        if (this->m_ops.allow_reuse()) {
            // thread reuse is enabled, so reset the handles
            this->_hreset(true, false);
        } else {
            OMNI_ERR_RET_FW("Can not start a thread once it has been started or if it is in an unknown state", omni::thread_running_exception())
        }
    }
    if (this->m_mthd == OMNI_NULL && this->m_pmthd == OMNI_NULL) {
        // no delegate attached to this thread so we can't actually start anything
        OMNI_ERR_RET_FW(OMNI_INVALID_DELEGATE_FUNC_STR, omni::invalid_delegate())
    }
    int perr = 0;
    std::size_t stack_size = this->m_ops.stack_size();
    this->m_args = ((this->m_pmthd != OMNI_NULL) ? args : omni::generic_ptr::null());
    this->m_state = omni::sync::thread_state::START_REQUESTED;
    this->m_switch = new omni::sync::safe_spin_wait(); // signaled set in _start
    this->m_thread = 0;
    #if defined(OMNI_OS_WIN)
        OMNI_TMPIDT_FW tmptid = 0;
        this->m_thread = OMNI_CREATE_THREAD_FW(NULL,                            // default security attr
                                             stack_size,            // stack size
                                             &omni::sync::basic_thread::_start, // _start(void*)
                                             static_cast<void*>(this),         // *see above dev note
                                             0,                                // start now
                                             &tmptid);                         // thread id
        // Win32 returns !0 for a valid thread, 0 means error
        if (this->m_thread == 0) { perr = OMNI_GLE; } // error, set perr
        else { this->m_tid = static_cast<omni::sync::thread_t>(tmptid); } // success, set tid
    #else
        // if any of these fails, then thread creation should fail
        if (stack_size == 0) {
            perr = ::pthread_create(&this->m_tid,                 // the thread id
                                    NULL,                         // stack size == 0, so null attributes
                                    &omni::sync::basic_thread::_start, // _start(void*)
                                    static_cast<void*>(this));    // *see above dev note
            if (perr == 0) {
                this->m_thread = this->m_tid; // copy TID to m_thread handle
            } else {
                OMNI_ERRV_FW("system create thread failed: ", perr, omni::thread_exception("Create system thread failed: ", perr));
            }
        } else {
            pthread_attr_t attr;
            perr = ::pthread_attr_init(&attr);
            if (perr == 0) {
                perr = ::pthread_attr_setstacksize(&attr, stack_size);
                if (perr == 0) {
                    perr = ::pthread_create(&this->m_tid,                     // the thread id
                                            &attr,                            // stack size
                                            &omni::sync::basic_thread::_start, // _start(void*)
                                            static_cast<void*>(this));        // *see above dev note
                    if (perr == 0) {
                        this->m_thread = this->m_tid; // copy TID to m_thread handle
                    } else {
                        OMNI_ERRV_FW("system create thread failed: ", perr, omni::thread_exception("Create system thread failed: ", perr))
                    }
                } else {
                    OMNI_ERR_FW("could not set stack size of " << stack_size << ": " << perr, omni::thread_exception("System error setting stack size: ", perr))
                }
                if (perr == 0) {
                    // Destroy the attributes handle
                    perr = ::pthread_attr_init.html">pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
                    if (perr != 0) {
                        /* this should only ever happen if 'attr' is not valid
                        but to be safe we want to alert the user since this could signal
                        other issues (we also don't want any rouge handles not being
                        destroyed, ie a memory leak) */
                         OMNI_ERRV_FW("could not destroy attributes: ", perr, omni::thread_exception("Could not destroy attributes: ", perr));
                    }
                } else {
                    /* if we got here then there were other errors in thread creation, so
                    don't reset the perr value, just call the function */
                     ::pthread_attr_init.html">pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
                }
            } else {
                OMNI_ERR_FW("could not initialize thread attributes @" << &attr << ": " << perr, omni::thread_exception("Could not initialize thread attributes: ", perr))
            }
        }
    #endif    
    if (perr == 0) {
        OMNI_D4_FW("thread handle valid, waiting for thread switch");
        // valid handle so wait until the thread is actually reported as started
        this->m_switch->sleep_wait();
        delete this->m_switch; // done with thread_switch, free mem
        this->m_switch = OMNI_NULL;
    } else {
        delete this->m_switch; // done with thread_switch, free mem
        this->m_switch = OMNI_NULL;
        this->m_thread = 0;
        OMNI_ERRV_FW("could not create system thread: ", perr, omni::thread_exception(perr))
    }
    OMNI_D3_FW(((this->m_tid == 0) ? "invalid" : "created") << " thread:" << this->m_tid);
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::swap(omni::sync::basic_thread &o)
{
    if (this != &o) {
        #if defined(OMNI_SAFE_THREAD)
            this->m_mtx.lock();
            o.m_mtx.lock();
        #endif
        std::swap(this->m_args, o.m_args);
        std::swap(this->m_switch, o.m_switch);
        std::swap(this->m_tid, o.m_tid);
        std::swap(this->m_thread, o.m_thread);
        std::swap(this->m_ops, o.m_ops);
        std::swap(this->m_state, o.m_state);
        #if defined(OMNI_NON_PORTABLE)
            std::swap(this->m_priority, o.m_priority);
        #endif
        std::swap(this->m_isjoined, o.m_isjoined);
        std::swap(this->m_mthd, o.m_mthd);
        std::swap(this->m_pmthd, o.m_pmthd);
        #if defined(OMNI_SAFE_THREAD)
            this->m_mtx.unlock();
            o.m_mtx.unlock();
        #endif
        
        // old code only here for direct reference...
        // we don't get a copy because of the thread dtor
        //omni::sync::thread tmp(o); // get a copy
        //o._set_context(*this);
        //this->_set_context(tmp);
    }
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::unbind()
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    this->_chkmthd();
}

omni::sync::basic_thread &omni::sync::basic_thread::operator=(const omni::sync::basic_thread &o)
{
    if (this != &o) {
        OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW
        if (this->_hvalid() && this->_state_running()) {
            if (this->m_ops.detach_on_assign()) {
                this->_hreset(true, false); // detach
            } else {
                if (this->m_ops.kill_on_assign()) {
                    OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
                    this->kill();
                    OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW
                }
                // no auto_join in this context
            }
        }
        OMNI_ASSIGN_FW(o)
        this->_set_context(o);
        OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
    }
    return *this;
}

bool omni::sync::basic_thread::operator==(const omni::sync::basic_thread &o) const
{
    if (this == &o) { return true; }
    #if defined(OMNI_SAFE_THREAD)
        omni::sync::scoped_lock<omni::sync::basic_lock> am(&this->m_mtx);
        omni::sync::scoped_lock<omni::sync::basic_lock> am2(&o.m_mtx);
    #endif
    return (this->m_args == o.m_args &&
        this->m_ops == o.m_ops &&
        this->m_state == o.m_state &&
        this->m_tid == o.m_tid &&
        this->m_thread == o.m_thread &&
        this->m_switch == o.m_switch &&
        this->m_isjoined == o.m_isjoined &&
        (((this->m_mthd != OMNI_NULL) && (o.m_mthd != OMNI_NULL)) ? (*this->m_mthd == *o.m_mthd) :
        (((this->m_pmthd != OMNI_NULL) && (o.m_pmthd != OMNI_NULL)) ? (*this->m_pmthd == *o.m_pmthd) : false))
        #if defined(OMNI_NON_PORTABLE)
            && this->m_priority == o.m_priority
        #endif
        OMNI_EQUAL_FW(o)
        );
}

bool omni::sync::basic_thread::operator!=(const omni::sync::basic_thread &o) const
{
    return !(*this == o);
}

///////// start private methods /////////

void omni::sync::basic_thread::_chkmthd()
{
    if (this->m_mthd != OMNI_NULL) {
        delete this->m_mthd;
    } else if (this->m_pmthd != OMNI_NULL) {
        delete this->m_pmthd;
    }
    this->m_mthd = OMNI_NULL;
    this->m_pmthd = OMNI_NULL;
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::_close_handle(bool allow_rejoin)
{
    if (this->m_tid != 0) {
        // detach state machine
        omni::sync::basic_thread::manager::instance().remove(this->m_tid);
    }
    this->m_state = omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED;
    if (this->m_thread != 0 && !allow_rejoin) {
        // detach the handle so the OS can cleanup when it's done
        if (!this->m_isjoined) {
            OMNI_D5_FW("closing handle");
            #if defined(OMNI_OS_WIN)
                ::CloseHandle(OMNI_WIN_TOHNDL_FW(this->m_thread));
            #else
                /* if we've called pthread_join on this thread then don't detach
                it as that releases it's resources and makes it 'unjoinable' */
                 ::pthread_detach(this->m_thread);
            #endif
        }
    }
    this->m_isjoined = false;
    this->m_thread = 0;
    this->m_tid = 0;
    OMNI_D5_FW("handle closed");
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::_hreset(bool force, bool allow_rejoin)
{
    #if defined(OMNI_NON_PORTABLE)
        this->m_priority = omni::sync::thread_priority::NORMAL;
    #endif
    if (this->m_ops.allow_reuse() || force) { this->_close_handle(allow_rejoin); }
}

bool omni::sync::basic_thread::_hvalid() const
{
    return (this->m_thread != 0);
}

bool omni::sync::basic_thread::_state_running() const
{
    return (this->m_state == omni::sync::thread_state::RUNNING ||
            this->m_state == omni::sync::thread_state::STOP_REQUESTED ||
            this->m_state == omni::sync::thread_state::ABORT_REQUESTED ||
            this->m_state == omni::sync::thread_state::UNKNOWN);
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::_state_machine(const omni::sync::thread_t tid)
{
OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW
    if (this->m_tid == tid) {
        switch (this->m_state) {
            case omni::sync::thread_state::RUNNING:
                this->m_state = omni::sync::thread_state::COMPLETED;
                break;
            case omni::sync::thread_state::ABORT_REQUESTED:
                this->m_state = omni::sync::thread_state::ABORTED;
                break;
            case omni::sync::thread_state::STOP_REQUESTED:
            case omni::sync::thread_state::UNSTARTED: case omni::sync::thread_state::START_REQUESTED:
            case omni::sync::thread_state::COMPLETED: case omni::sync::thread_state::STOPPED:
            case omni::sync::thread_state::ABORTED: case omni::sync::thread_state::UNKNOWN:
            default:
                this->m_state = omni::sync::thread_state::STOPPED;
                break;
        }
    }
    OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::_set_context(const omni::sync::basic_thread& t2)
{
    /* The point of this function to avoid a temporary; if a temp omni::sync::thread is created it
    will then be destructed and call thread dtor (and abort/kill/etc. accordingly). Hence the need
    for this function. */
     #if defined(OMNI_SAFE_THREAD)
        this->m_mtx.lock();
        t2.m_mtx.lock();
    #endif
    this->m_args = t2.m_args;
    this->m_switch = t2.m_switch;
    this->m_tid = t2.m_tid;
    this->m_thread = t2.m_thread;
    this->m_ops = t2.m_ops;
    this->m_state = t2.m_state;
    #if defined(OMNI_NON_PORTABLE)
        this->m_priority = t2.m_priority;
    #endif
    this->m_isjoined = t2.m_isjoined;    
    this->_chkmthd();
    if (t2.m_mthd != OMNI_NULL) {
        this->m_mthd = new omni::sync::thread_start(*t2.m_mthd);
    } else if (t2.m_pmthd != OMNI_NULL) {
        this->m_pmthd = new @parameterized_thread_start.html">omni::sync::parameterized_thread_start(*t2.m_pmthd);
    }
    #if defined(OMNI_SAFE_THREAD)
        t2.m_mtx.unlock();
        this->m_mtx.unlock();
    #endif
    
}

///////// non portable methods /////////

#if defined(OMNI_NON_PORTABLE)

void omni::sync::basic_thread::_set_prio()
{
    int pri = static_cast<int>(this->m_priority);
    OMNI_DV4_FW("changing priority to ", pri);
    /* we don't throw an error if we can't set the thread priority since the
    OS could decide not to do it any ways or the system may not support it */
     #if defined(OMNI_OS_WIN)
        if (::SetThreadPriority(OMNI_WIN_TOHNDL_FW(this->m_thread), pri) == 0) {
            OMNI_DBGE(OMNI_ERR_SET_PRI_STR << ": " << OMNI_GLE)
        }
    #else
        int sched = 0;
        struct sched_param param;
        std::memset(&param, 0, sizeof(sched_param));
        if (::pthread_getschedparam(this->m_thread, &sched, &param) == 0) {
            int min = ::sched_get_priority_min(sched);
            int max = ::sched_get_priority_max(sched);
            if (pri < min) { pri = min; }
            if (pri > max) { pri = max; }
            /* if max < min, there are system errors, however, if min == max
            chances are the scheduling priority is OS dependant (i.e. min=0, max=0 for SCHED_OTHER)
            thus, the OS will decide the scheduling priority for the thread
            regardless if we set the thread priority. */
             if (max > min) {
                int skip = (max - min) / omni::sync::thread_priority::COUNT;
                /* getting a 'normalized' value that's representative of
                this->m_priority according to the system scheduling policy */
                 param.sched_priority = (min + ((pri+2) * (skip+1))) + (skip / 2);
                if (::pthread_setschedparam(this->m_thread, sched, &param) != 0) {
                    OMNI_DBGE(OMNI_ERR_SET_PRI_STR << ": " << OMNI_GLE)
                }
            }
            #if defined(OMNI_SHOW_DEBUG_ERR)
            else { OMNI_DBGEV(OMNI_ERR_SET_PRI_STR, ": sched prio max <= min") }
            #endif
        }
        #if defined(OMNI_SHOW_DEBUG_ERR)
        else { OMNI_DBGE(OMNI_ERR_SET_PRI_STR << ": " << OMNI_GLE) }
        #endif
    #endif
}

omni::sync::thread_priority_t omni::sync::basic_thread::priority() const
{
    OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
    return this->m_priority;
}

void omni::sync::basic_thread::set_priority(omni::sync::thread_priority_t p)
{
    /*
        DEV_NOTE: Thread scheduling is system dependent, this means that even
        though you can ask the scheduler to set a threads priority, it won't always listen.
        Some systems implement a more robust scheduler; OpenBSD for instance implements
        a type of round robin scheduler that schedules threads according to set priority.
        Others implement a load based scheduler; Ubuntu (and quite a few other Linux variants)
        for example implement an approach where by a thread is scheduled on it's priority
        only when the CPU is under heavy stress, otherwise all threads get equal priority.
        
        As such, setting the thread priority is not guaranteed (per MSDN and the POSIX
        documentation), which means while we can give this functionality to you in a
        platform independent manor, be aware that thread priorities are in fact
        system dependent and even the systems themselves state they cannot guarantee
        setting the priority will mean anything.
        
        To a degree this makes sense in the fact that allowing a user land thread to
        have a higher priority than a kernel thread could be potentially harmful, so
        again be aware of this non guaranteed function.
    */
     
    int pri = static_cast<int>(p);
    if (pri < omni::sync::thread_priority::LOWEST) { pri = omni::sync::thread_priority::IDLE; }
    if (pri > omni::sync::thread_priority::HIGHEST) { pri = omni::sync::thread_priority::REAL_TIME; }
    if ((pri < omni::sync::thread_priority::LOWEST && pri != omni::sync::thread_priority::IDLE) ||
        (pri > omni::sync::thread_priority::HIGHEST && pri != omni::sync::thread_priority::REAL_TIME))
    {
        // invalid_priority
        OMNI_ERRV_RET_FW("invalid priority: ", pri, omni::invalid_thread_option(pri))
    }
    OMNI_SAFE_TLOCK_FW
    // if we're not running, just set the priority til next time
    this->m_priority = static_cast<omni::sync::thread_priority_t>(pri);
    OMNI_SAFE_TUNLOCK_FW
    if (this->is_alive()) {
        OMNI_SAFE_TALOCK_FW
        // we can only set the priority if the thread is running and handle is valid
        if (!this->_hvalid()) {
            OMNI_ERR_FW(OMNI_INVALID_THREAD_HANDLE_STR, omni::invalid_thread_handle())
        } else {
            this->_set_prio();
        }
    }
}

#endif